Juvenile developmental rates are relevant life history traits in plants. Pines show an especially marked vegetative (heteroblastic) phase change during early developmental stages, shifting from a shoot with primary needles and free growth to a shoot with secondary needles and cyclic preformed growth. In previous works we have confirmed - within the subgenus Pinus - a marked divergence in heteroblastic phase change between Mediterranean (Subsect. Pinaster) and Eurasian pines (Subsect. Pinus) that share neighbouring habitats along the Mediterranean Basin. A high genetic variation between populations and high additive variance within populations has been shown in Maritime pine (Pinus pinaster). These facts, together with a significant relationship between the heteroblastic stage of the plants and their field survivorship in some species, as well as marked morpho-physiological differences between primary and secondary needles suggest a relevant adaptive value of the timing of heteroblastic change, at least in some Mediterranean pines
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