Mangrove forests are ecosystems subject to contamination by oil spills. The objective of this study was to evaluate the development of Rhizophora mangle plants in soil contaminated with oil emulsified with surfactants. These ecosystems have diverse and economically valuable ecological functions. Mangrove soil and propagules were collected in southeastern Mexico. The propagules were sown under greenhouse conditions and the plants were grown for 3 months. Two bioassays were applied: (1) the soil was contaminated by oil emulsified with a biosurfactant synthesized by Azospirillum lipoferum, and (2) the soil was contaminated with oil emulsified with a surfactant based on pine essential oil. Emulsified oil was applied to the substrate in containers with 3‐month‐old plants until several concentrations were reached (0, 30,000, 40,000, 50,000, 60,000, and 70,000 ppm). Subsequently, 5 plants for each …
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